ORIGINS

ORIGINS

__Origins __ __Important ____ People in ____ the Computers __ __History (inventions they made, how they worked and why they were so important) __ __Blaise Pascal (1623-1662): __   Blaise Pascal was one of the most well reputed mathematician and physicist of the time. He is recognized with the fact that he created an early calculator. Amazingly, this calculator was very advanced for its time which made this invention so important. In 1642, at the age of eighteen Blaise Pascal invented his numerical wheel calculator called the **Pascaline** to help his father a French tax collector count taxes. “The Pascaline had eight movable dials that added up to eight figured long sums and used base ten. When the first dial (one's column) moved ten notches - the second dial moved one notch to represent the ten's column reading of 10 - and when the ten dial moved ten notches the third dial (hundred's column) moved one notch to represent one hundred and so on.” ( [] ) . ** In addition, he invented the **Wrist Watch**; very cleverly he grabbed a piece of string and attached his pocket watch to his wrist. Moreover, even though he wasn’t the very first person to work on the **Pascal triangle** his “Treatise on the Arithmetical Triangle” in 1653 was known for being the first extensive study for it. This triangle helps us to facilitate our mathematics by helping us with algebra and probability which are always known to be very difficult. “ A geometric arrangement of binomial coefficients in a triangular shape.”   Moreover, he helped with the study of the **Pascal law of pressure**. Pascal is the <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;">unit of atmospheric pressure named in honor of Blaise Pascal, whose experiments helped in the knowledge of the atmosphere. “A Pascal is the force of one Newton acting on a surface area of one square meter. It is the unit of pressure designated by the International System. l00,OOO Pa= 1000mb 1 bar” ( <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;">http://terrismathproject.tripod.com/id10.html) <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #333333; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> Blaise Pascal also invented the **syringe**. We have to thank him as although the majority of people do not like it, every time we receive a shot that is to our benefit. Actually, the entire concept for the syringe came about as a result of Pascal's principal which states, “A change in the pressure of an enclosed incompressible fluid is conveyed undiminished to every part of the fluid and to the surfaces of its container.”( []) <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> He also used the same concept in order to help invent a **hydraulic press**. This invention is still being used today. <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;">The hydraulic press depends on Pascal’s principle: the pressure through a closed system is constant and equal in all directions. Therefore this is very important nowadays as it is used in a range of industries e.g car jack where the simple pumping action of a person and the mechanical advantage gained through the hydraulic press can lift the weight of a car. <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> Finally in 1967-1971 Niklaus Wirth invented a **programming language named Pascal** in his honor. <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Pascal was designed to encourage structured programming. It <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">permits <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> programmers to tackle complex problems using microcomputers. It is an alternative to BASIC for beginning programmers. It was designed to encourage structured <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> programming. Pascal is still popular as a student language, but it is seldom used by professional programmers. <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> __<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz (1646-1716 __ <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;"> Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz was a German philosopher, mathematician, historian and jurist. He created the first **mechanical calculator** capable of multiplying and dividing. He also developed the modern form of the [|binary numeral system] (base 2), used in digital [|computers]. The calculator was not very reliable.   <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">
 * Each digit was entered manually by turning the appropiate gear. The results were displayed in the window. The calculator was digital, dealt with whole numbers and produced precise results.
 * First Mechanical Calculator ||

<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Leibniz introduced his **differential calculus ** in a 1684 paper, and unveiled integral <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">calculus <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> two years later. In 1689, Newton published his own work, and eventually it became apparent that the <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;">two men had developed more <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> or less the same method from quite <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;">different approaches, geometric in Newton's case, algebraic in Leibniz's. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;">Today, Leibniz and Newton are generally recognized as 'co-inventors' of the calculus. But Leibniz' notation for calculus was far superior to that of Newton, and it is the notation developed by Leibniz, including the integral sign and derivative notation, that is still in use today. <span style="color: #666666; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;">In addition to calculus, Leibniz was the first mathematician to use the **integral sign**. He introduced the term **"function**"; a theory of **special curves**; developed a general **theory of tangents**; and made a number of other contributions to mathematics. <span style="color: #666666; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;"> Leibniz was groping towards hardware and software concepts worked out much later by [|Charles Babbage] and [|Ada Lovelace]. In 1679, while thinking over his binary arithmetic, he imagined a machine in which binary **numbers were represented by marbles, governed by a rudimentary sort of punched cards.** “Modern electronic digital computers replace Leibniz's marbles moving by gravity with shift registers, voltage gradients, and pulses of electrons, but otherwise they run roughly as Leibniz envisioned in 1679.” <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> ([]) <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; text-decoration: none; msoansilanguage: EN-US;"> __<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Charles Babbage (1792-1872) __ <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;">Charles Babbage was a British mathematician and a computer scientific. <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">In the 19th century, he achieved the intellectual triumph of the logical principles on which the modern computer is based. He invented the **analytical engine** and he developed it after an earlier computing project called the **“difference engine”.** The difference engine could solve <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;"> [|polynomial] equations using a numerical method called the "method of differences". <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;"> However, the analytical engine was the first general computational device, with the ability to solve different types of equations and be programmed with punched cards to carry out any calculation to twenty digits of accuracy, in simple words, a calculator. His design included the four basic components found in modern computers –basic functions of input, output, processing and storage. <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: ES; mso-themecolor: text1;">Charles Babbage's motive for inventing the difference engine and analytical engine was the desire to create absolutely accurate mathematical tables. <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Babbage's concepts led to the modern computer and earned him the title "father of the computer". Although he used <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Jacquard's technology in his development of the analytical engine. <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; mso-spacerun: yes; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msospacerun: yes;"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; text-decoration: none; msoansilanguage: EN-US;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Babbage was also responsible for the invention of: the standard railroad gauge, the cowcatcher, occulting lights for lighthouses, Greenwich time signals, the dynometer and the heliograph ophthalmoscope. <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; text-decoration: none; msoansilanguage: EN-US;"> __<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Joseph Jacquard (1752-1834) __ <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; msoansilanguage: EN-US; mso-tab-count: 1; msotabcount: 1;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Joseph Jacquard is best known for this creation of the programmable loom. An invention which inspired the **technology of punch cards**, the first practical use of the binary system which in turn led to the **development of the computer**. <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> Although its main purpose was to replaced the traditional mechanical cam roll of a loom with a punch card control. So, what does this have to do with the computer age? This Jacquard loom is considered an important milestone in the history of computing. His simple but super brilliant punch card design set the precedent for the entire genre of the computer technology as the same system of binary on and off coding is used in nowadays modern computers. In addition, his loom was the very first machine to use a programmable tool to control a series of operations. The idea of output and input processing is a vital pillar of computer technology and design. What it is amazing is that “the ability to change the pattern of the loom’s weave by simple changing cards was an important conceptual precursor to the development of computer programming and data processing” ([|www.theldeafinder.com]). The punch cards were pioneering because they had the capacity to store information on them, having this ability of storing information helped spark the computer revolution. This idea of punch card system was very useful as it was incorporated into the idea of many computer scientists that followed. <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; text-decoration: none; msoansilanguage: EN-GB;"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; text-decoration: none; msoansilanguage: EN-US;">
 * Analytical Engine ||
 * Difference Engine ||
 * Punch cards on a Jacquard loom. ||
 * Jacquard’s Loom ||

<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; text-decoration: none; msoansilanguage: EN-US;"> __<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Augusta Ada Countess of Lovelace (1816-1852) __ <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> Augusta Ada Byron, showed inclinations towards math and logical. She was introduced to Charles Babbage and was fascinated with Babbage's theoretical ‘difference’ and ‘analytical’ engines, and in 1842 agreed to translate a French account of his technical presentations into English. Babbage was impressed, admitting that: "the more I read your notes the more surprised I am at them and regret not having earlier explored so rich a vein of the noblest metal." In July of 1843, Ada wrote to Babbage requesting his assistance: "I want to put in something about Bernoulli's Numbers ... as an example of how an implicit function may be worked out by the engine, without having been worked out by human head and hand." ( [] <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> ). The result was very accepted as the **first computer program**. In today’s computers, her program for specialist calculus operations achieves exact values. <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; msoansilanguage: EN-US;"> Ada remains one of the few female pioneers of the `computer age' and, as yet, the only **woman to be honored with a programming language bearing her name - ADA,** a Pascal-based language developed in a US Department of Defence sponsored project in the 1970's. Augusta Ada Byron, Countess of Lovelace, is **best remembered today as the first computer-programmer** (the programming pioneer), her development of a set of commands to repeat instructions in a ‘loop’ or ‘sub-routine’ becoming the basis for programming of computers. <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Together, **Charles Babbage and Ada Lovelace** laid some of the early conceptual and technical groundwork for high technology by helping develop an early computer. <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; text-decoration: none; msoansilanguage: EN-US;"> __<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">William Seward Burroughs (1855-1898) __ <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;"> William Seward Burroughs invented the **first practical** [|**adding**] ** and ** [|**listing machine**] <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;">. This machine was described as "...the combination, with one or more [|register]s, of a series of independent [|key]s and intervening [|connection]s constructed, arranged, and [|operating], as fully specified hereinafter, so as to indicate upon the register the [|sum] of any [|series] of [|number]s by the proper [|manipulation] of the keys, and also so as to [|print] or permanently [|record] the final result." (http://everything2.com/title/William%2520Seward%2520Burroughs) The initial machine, however, required a careful [|touch] in pulling the handle to [|execute] the [|calculation] correctly. In 1893 he improved the calculating machine, where he incorporated his new invention: an [|oil]-filled '[|dashpot],' a simple [|hydraulic governor]. This device enabled the machine to operate properly regardless of the technique with which the handle might be pulled.

Burroughs had the biggest adding machine company in the U.S. with variation in products such as adding machines, typewriters, check protectors, electronic billing machines and finally computers. He had major accomplishes such as the Invention of the Adding Machines, Cash Registers, Printers, Disk-Drives and Tape-Drives. He also developed a Language Directed Design or Programming Languages such as: **ALGOL, COBOL, FORTRAN.** <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; text-decoration: none; msoansilanguage: EN-US;">
 * Burroughs adding and listing machine – each column of keys corresponds to a decimal digit position. Numbers were entered and then accumulated into the total by pulling down on the handle. ||

__<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Dr. Herman Hollerith (1860-1929) __ <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> In the US there had been a census in 1880 and it took 7 years to do the manual tabulation of the data. As the population was growing rapidly and therefore more information had to be added very frequently. So a very intelligent man called Dr. Herman Hollerith, an employee of the census office, recognized this problem. So he developed the **first electromechanical punched-card tabulator** (idea of punch cards taken from Joseph Jacquard). Data was represented by the position of the punches of cards that were fed into the tabulator. The tabulator rapidly totaled the data from the selected parts of the card. Thanks to Hollerith’s work, the tabulation of the 1890 census was completed in only 3 years. In 1924, in Hollerith honor, “The Tabulating Machine Company” was renamed by the name of the **“International Business Machines(IBM)** and the Hollerith card became the IBM card. “ <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #333333; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: ES;">Hollerith's punch cards and tabulating machines were a step **toward automated computation**. His device could automatically read information which had been punched onto card. He got the idea and then saw Jacquard's punch card. Punch card technology was used in computers up until the late 1970s. Computer "punched cards" were read electronically, the cards moved between brass rods, and the holes in the cards, created a electric current where the rods would touch.” ( <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: ES;">[] <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #333333; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: ES;">) <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">

He built a sorting machine that could sort the information on people using an attribute (number of children) collected. This machine was powered by electricity, not with steam or muscle as they used to be.

<span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; text-decoration: none; msoansilanguage: EN-US;"> __<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Thomas J. Watson (1874-1956) __ <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> He joined the Tabulating Machine Company in 1914 founded by Hollerith. In 1924 with Watson as president, this company was renamed as IBM. Watson’s commercial vision led to his sponsorship of another technical pioneer, Howard H. Aiken whose work was instrumental in the development of the modern computer. <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; mso-themecolor: text1;"> Watson developed IBM's effective management style and turned it into one of the most effective selling organizations yet seen, based largely around [|punched card] [|tabulating machines]. <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">Watson built IBM into such a powerful force when he was president, the IBM owned and leased more than 90 percent of all tabulating machines in the United States at the time. <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">
 * Hollerith’s Tabulating Machine is the historic machine that was the basis for what today is the IBM Corporation. ||
 * Punch Cards – Joseph Jacquard ||

<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; text-decoration: none; msoansilanguage: EN-US;"> __<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">John von Neumann (1903-1957) __ <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">John von Neumann was a true scientific genius; he was a prodigious mental calculator and helped in science. Before the **ENIAC** project was complete, the formulated plans with Eckert and Mauchly for a new computer named **EDVAC** (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer). This computer was used to store programs as well as data as number in memory, just as computers today do. He abandoned the decimal system and reasoned that the switches out of which computers were built had two states: on and off. He used the switches to represent decimal digits (number from 0 through 9) is somewhat useless and complicates the arithmetic circuitry as well. He concluded that the binary system of notation, in which the digits indicate what powers of 2 (1, 2, 4, 8, 16, etc) a number contains, would be better for computers. Long before the EDVAC’s completion in 1950, he went on to direct his own computer project. He produced the **IAS** computer which was the 1st truly generated-purpose electronic computer and was vastly more powerful than the others. This was not only a computer but an intellectual environment in which the application of computers was the focus of broad and deep investigation. Although its major propose was no design US nuclear weapons, it run hundreds of other pioneering programs.

<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> The highlighted parts are the ones important for this piece of work. The rest is not necessary. You have to get used to writing small pieces as your portfolios will have to be written in only 800 to 1000 words. If you are going to copy the information textually from your source you have to put quotation marks on it, if you don´t do so, it is considered plagiarism. The papers you send in ITGS are run in a software that detects plagiarism (compares the text with other known text, specially with your sources) and this is considered very serious...so be carful with it. __<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Bibliography: __ <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Computer Confluence A glossary of computing Terms [] [] [|http://library.thinkquest.org/C0126120/jacquard.htm#] [] <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';"> [|//www.invent.org/Hall_Of_Fame/1_1_6_detail.asp?vInventorID//]<span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';"> [|//www.wikipedia.org//]<span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">
 * IAS Computer ||
 * ENIAC ||
 * EDVAC ||